English–Indonesian Code Mixing Used by Sandiaga Uno’s Speech in Youtube

It is commonly known that Indonesians speak their mother tongue along with the national language, as well as foreign languages, when interacting with one another in society. The ethnic diversity, cultural diversity, and linguistic diversity of Indonesia help to create multilingual languages. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure and purpose of the English-Indonesian code mixing used by Sandiaga Uno in a speech video on YouTube. This study used a descriptive qualitative method that was based on Creswell's theory and applied Sugiono's documentation-based approach to data collection. While the Miles and Huberman theory, which included data reduction, data display, and conclusion/verification, is used for data analysis. This study shows the many kinds and purposes of code mixing for each statement that Sandia Uno has uttered, including code mixing of words, phrases, hybrids, word reduplication, idioms


INTRODUCTION
Because their mother tongue is their tribe's or traditional language, Indonesians view English as a foreign language, while Bahasa Indonesia is the country's official second language. In addition to up to 7,000 other languages, the BBC estimates that English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world (2014). In his book, Crystal (2003), he offered the counterargument that "of course English is a worldwide language, as they would say. English is spoken by 375 million people as their first language and 750 million people as a second language. In excess of 70 nations have made English their official language. As can be seen, everyone agrees that language is essential for surviving in our society. The use of words, gestures, and symbols to express sentiments or thoughts to one another goes beyond simple communication.

Sociolinguistics
Humans use language to communicate with one another and to understand the information or message that needs to be spread either directly or indirectly in society. This connection between these two things can be seen in the way that people interact with one another on a daily basis. Sociolinguistics is the study of language use in everyday life, including how it is employed in passing conversations and the media we are exposed to, as well as the existence of society standards, laws, and regulations that deal with language, according to (Wardaugh & M. Fuller 2015). In addition, according to Holmes (2001), sociolinguists investigate the relationship between language and culture. They are concerned with comprehending how language serves social purposes and conveys social meaning. They also want to know why we speak differently depending on the situation.

Bilingualism and Multilingualism
It is commonly known that Indonesians speak their mother tongue along with the national language, as well as foreign languages, when interacting with one another in society. The ethnic diversity, cultural diversity, and linguistic diversity of Indonesia help to create multilingual languages. According to the sociolinguistics phenomenon, which examines the relationship between language and society, many people can understand two or more languages. In sociolinguistics, this phenomenon is referred to as bilingualism and multilingualism. Speaking two languages is referred to as bilingualism. According to Sumarsih (2014) speakers switch from one language to another in the practice of bilingualism. Besides that, Bloomfield cited in Chaer & Agustina (2010) The capacity to converse fluently in two languages is known as bilingualism. Therefore, using two languages in a conversation with a speaker of a different language is the definition of bilingualism. Whereas speaking many languages is referred to as multilingualism. People now mix languages as a result of the two language symptoms being the norm in society.
Code switching is commonly brought up when we discuss code mixing. Given how often these two occurrences are in society, it could be challenging to distinguish between them. People communicate in a number of ways as a result of the favourable conditions. People typically communicate with one another in one of two ways. They are communicated verbally and in writing. The written method converts the language word by word into transcription using tools like a pen and paper, as opposed to the spoken method, which uses speech organ-generated sounds that are quickly transformed. In addition, code mixing is the use of two or more languages in speech by transferring one or more linguistic components from one language to another without changing the meaning of the phrase because the parts can only support the inserted sentences from the other languages. In certain languages, an element's function is unclear.

Forms of Code Mixing
According to Suwito (1985), cited in Nurfitriani (2020), there are six different types of code mixing: insertion of words, insertion of phrases, insertion of hybrids, insertion of duplicated words, insertion of idioms, and insertion of clauses.

1) Insertion of word
One instance of code mixing is when English terms are incorporated into Indonesian sentences. The inclusion of a word might be seen as grammatical structure.
Datanglah ke party ku mala mini.
The aforementioned illustration demonstrates how English and Indonesian are mixed together in the statement. The word that comes before it, "Datanglah ke," is Indonesian, whereas the word in the middle, "party," is English. When a "party" is put in between the sentences, it is known as "Insertion of Word Code Mixing." The word "party," which is emphasized, refers to a gathering.

2) Insertion of phrase
A phrase is referred to as a single structural element in grammar because it typically consists of more than one word and does not include the subject and predicate structure found in clauses.
Perusahaan ini membutuhkan fresh graduate yang berkompeten The example above demonstrates that the sentence has elements of both Indonesian and English. The English phrase "fresh graduate" is followed by the Indonesian phrase "perusahaan ini membutuhkan". It is referred to as Inserting Phrase Code. When a recent graduate is introduced in the middle of the phrases, it blends. An emphasized phrase indicates a recent graduate from a college or university.

3) Insertion of hybrid
The constructed part of the word is hybrid. When two components from various languages are combined to convey meaning, a hybrid is produced.
The example above demonstrates that the sentence has elements of both Indonesian and English. "Tadi para siswa" is an Indonesian word, whereas the middle word "ngeprint", is English. The method of putting a "ngeprint" in between the sentences is referred to as "insertion of Hybrid Code Mixing." The term "ngeprint," which is highlighted, combines the English noun "print" and the Indonesian suffix "nge." 4) Insertion of word reduplication The act of making a single word into two words inside a single sentence or speech is known as word reduplication. It indicates when a word appears more than once in a sentence.
The example above demonstrates that the sentence has elements of both Indonesian and English. The first word, "Bagaimana kabar kamu," is Indonesian, but the middle word, "fine-fine" is English. When a "fine-fine" is placed in the middle of the sentences, it is referred to as Insertion of Word Reduplication Code Mixing. The underlining of the phrases fine and fine indicates that everything is fine. Reduplicated words only occur in Indonesian, which has been embraced by society and is now a popular way for young people to speak.

5) Insertion of idiom
Idioms are collections of words that together mean something distinct from the individual words used. It suggests that every word is given a new meaning by an idiom that is distinct from its original meaning.
Ujian matematika itu a piece of cake.
The example above demonstrates that the sentence has elements of both Indonesian and English. The words "a piece of cake" in English and "ujian matematika itu" in Indonesian are used, respectively, in the previous statement. Adding an idiom code the act of mixing involves putting a piece of cake into a sentence. A straightforward assignment is described as "a piece of cake" and is underlined. 6) Insertion of clause A clause is a set of words that includes both a subject and a verb. Clauses can be divided into two categories. The independent clause comes before the dependent clause in the sentence. The primary subject and verb sentence are contained in an independent clause (it is also called a main clause). The dependent clause must be joined to an independent clause even though it isn't a full sentence.
What will you do jika kamu memenangkan kompetisi ini?
We can see from the sample above that the sentence has a combination of Indonesian and English. In the first phrase, the words "what would you do" is an English words and "jika kamu memenangkan kompetisi ini" is an Indonesian words. It is referred to as Insertion of Clause Code Mixing when "what you will do" is included in the sentence. The phrase that is highlighted is clause and independent, or can stand alone. It describes the process of seeking someone's opinion on a subject.

Reason of Code Mixing
Various factors may cause a bilingual or multilingual person to blend their languages, as per Hoffman (1991), cited in (Ekalaya 2015). Those are: a. Talking about a particular topic People occasionally choose to talk in one language rather than another while discussing a particular topic. It may feel more liberating and comfortable for the speaker to converse in a language other than their mother tongue.

b. Quoting somebody else
A speaker uses a switch or mix code to reference a famous adage, phrase, or saying by a well-known someone. The only thing that has changed are the words that the speaker takes the cited individual to have uttered. The switch has a shape resembling a quote mark. c. Being emphatic about something People frequently go from their second language to their first language while speaking in a language other than their mother tongue and suddenly want to be emphatic about something, either knowingly or unintentionally. d. Interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors) Interjections are words or statements inserted into a sentence to indicate surprise, a strong emotion, or to draw attention. e. Repetition used for clarification If the audience is bilingual or multilingual, they will be better able to comprehend the speaker's description of their research. They occasionally converse using both of their respective native languages (codes). f. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor There will be a lot of code mixing when a bilingual or multilingual person speaks with another bilingual or multilingual person. It involves ensuring that the speech's content and natural flow are clear to the audience. g. Expressing group identity Code mixing can also be used to suggest a sense of group affiliation. Academics communicate in ways that are plainly distinct from other groups in their respective disciplinary groups. In other words, communication between members of a group and outsiders is distinct.
Its users now consider language mixing to be normal. The introduction of easily accessible and learnable languages as well as technological advancement have an impact on this. We might put a statement with our image or photo in a social media caption. On social media, we commonly observe persons using multiple languages. They think that by speaking in both their own tongue and another language, they will sound more sophisticated. The linguistic variety or code is the words chosen. Because there are so many distinct languages, some people have to decide which code or method of interaction to use in a certain circumstance. In fact, most Indonesians are bilingual or multilingual, and they routinely use more than one language to communicate with others in their community. This scenario affects, among other things, television programs, movies, or serial movies, social media, ads, and advertisements.
Facebook, Twitter, and blogs are used to exchange information, Line is used to communicate, and YouTube is used to watch videos on frequently utilized social media platforms in Indonesia. People are used to using multiple codes in one sentence. In a speech, they might combine languages overtly or covertly. It is now normal to use a decent combination of languages, such as the local tongue along with English or Indonesian to English, due to English's prominence as the official language of the globe and the fact that it is taught in every country. Particularly among young people, the idea of mixing has developed into a societal trend or style of speaking. The social media platforms used by younger generations are more varied. According to Sukrisna (2019), young people frequently engage in code mixing. The concept of mixing has evolved into a societal trend or way of speech, particularly among young people. Younger generations use a wider range of social media channels. According to Sukrisna (2019), young people frequently engage in code mixing.

RESEARCH METHOD
According to Creswell's (2013) definition of qualitative research, which states that it focuses on many methodologies and adopts an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject, the researcher in this study used descriptive qualitative research, which is acceptable for the study's objective. The data for this study were taken from the speech video of Sandiaga Uno that was uploaded by CXO Media to YouTube. The data collection procedure is documentary based on Sugiono's theory. The first step is watching and listens to the sandiaga uno's speech video in youtube. The second writing the script based on the video. The third identify the forms of code mixing that appear in the video. The fourth classified the form of code mixing. The fifth analysed all the form of code mixing. The sixth analysed the function of code mixing based on sandiaga uno's statements. The last step is describing the data.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The researcher analysed the classification of code mixing and the function of code mixing in Sandiaga Uno's speech video

No.
Forms of Code Mixing Amount 1 Insertion of Word 47 2 Insertion of Phrase 43 3 Insertion of Hybrid 6 4 Insertion of Word Reduplication 7 5 Insertion of Idiom 12 6 Insertion of Clause 31 Total 146

Insertion of Word
Inserting English words into Indonesian utterances is one example of code mixing. Grammatical structure can be defined as the insertion of a word. The following explanation of the data will described below.

1) "Selama ini ngeliat-ngeliat dari konten aja, tapi finally di undang kesini , so it's an honor."
Sandiaga Uno used the word finally in the statement, which can be seen in the sentence above. Finally has the connotation of occurring after a lengthy period of hardship or delay. This sentence uses word insertion as a type of code mixing. The speaker is happy to have received Putri Tanjung's invitation to appear on "Ngobrol Sore Semaunya" on the CXO Media channel, and he expresses his satisfaction in this statement.
2) "Nah, tapi kita pernah invest. Sebelum pandemi ini di beberapa sektor seperti kesehatan." Sandiaga Uno used the English word in italics above as part of his statement. Sandiaga employed code mixing in this situation. He used the word "invest," which means to place shares in a specific industry. Include is used as a verb in the part of speech invest. The act of inserting a word between two phrases is known as word insertion. The purpose of this line is to express the speaker's need for motivation regarding the investments he made in the health sector at the height of the COVID-19 outbreak.
3) "Jadi, waktu pandemi ini ada switch ke beberapa sektor yang memang menjadi disebut sebagai "COVID Winner" ya." Sandiaga Uno made a statement that had a word switch. A verb is the word switch. That falls under the category insertion of word. The word "switch" means to replace, move, or change a situation. The purpose of the statement was to inform the audience about the new business sectors in the pandemic that may be classified as "COVID Winners," such as the health and herbal industries, as well as the beginning of a new business venture with significantly greater potential.

Insertion of Phrase
A phrase, which frequently comprises more than one word and lacks the subject and predicate structure seen in clauses, is referred to as a single structural element in grammar. Below is a description of the data and its explanation.

1) "business wise, ya semuanya kena ya."
Because they combine the words "business" and "wise," some of the words in the aforementioned statement fall within the category of "code mixing insertion of phrase." As can be seen, Sandiaga combined the languages of Indonesia and English. Although it wasn't a good year for any firm, he managed to fix it without making any redundancies when he used the phrase "business wise" in his remark. The phrase is included in self emotion because Sandiaga wishes to express how terrible that year was for his company. Although there were many challenges, he overcame them all without complaining and managed to return things to normal. 2) "Kenanya, hit nya, quite severe ya…." The adjective "very severe" was used by Sandiaga Uno in his statement, according to the data. It falls under the category of phrase insertion because it contains the phrases "very" and "severe." "Quite severe" refers to issues that are extremely significant or not as serious. The phrase fulfils Sandiaga Uno's needfeeling reason. Sandiaga explains that as the pandemic hit its height, all of his enterprises were experiencing difficulties. He was able to solve the issue and regain his strength because it wasn't too serious.

3) "Consumer goods dan servicesnya juga gak bagus,"
The speaker in this instance mixed up the codes in his sentence by using the English term "consumer goods," which refers to items that people purchase and utilize. His sentence has phrase insertion rather than other types of code mixing. The purpose of this sentence is to convey the speaker's need to express how poorly his company's goods and products are performing as a result of the impact of the covid epidemic.

Insertion of Hybrid
The word's constructed portion is hybrid. A hybrid is created when two parts from different languages are blended to provide meaning. Below is a description of the data and its explanation.

1) "Kenanya, hitnya, quiet severe ya…."
An English and Indonesian word has been mixed together in the previous statement. As a result of the term hit being joined with the suffix nya, it can be categorized as code mixing insertion of hybrid. The word hitnya, which the speaker used, refers to damage that can be caused to anybody or anything. The expression contains self-emotion as a result of how the COVID-19 pandemic affected society. from people losing their friends and family, their employment, and even wrecking the nations' businesses and economies. 2) "Consumer goods dan servicesnya juga gak bagus," In this instance, Sandiaga Uno mixed codes in his remark by using the suffixes nya and services. The phrase "servicesnya" refers to the operation of one business or organization. His sentence has a hybrid type of code insertion. This comment serves as a need-based justification for how much his company's services declined after the COVID-19 outbreak peaked. Everything has been destroyed, including the economies of the various nations.

3) "Abis itu ya… Ya kita dapet lah messagenya bahwa gak boleh ngomong seperti itu lagi."
The speaker combined two terms that are in English and Indonesian in his remark by using code mixing as a result of the situation. Because the term message is combined with the suffix nya, the word messagenya can be categorized as an insertion of hybrid. He wants to express his feelings regarding how his parents disciplined him in the past within that setting. His parents used to give him a chili to eat if he didn't behave well, and he understood that it was unacceptable to misbehave after receiving that punishment.

Insertion of Word Reduplication
Word reduplication is the process of turning a single word into two words inside a single sentence or utterance. It shows when the same word is used more than once in a phrase. Below is a description of the data and its explanation.

1) "Ya kadang-kadang cuman break-break setengah jam gitu tapi nonstop terus."
The speaker repeated the English word inside the context. He used the term "break" in his speech, repeated it once again, and changed it to "break-break." The statement can be categorized as insertion of word reduplication. The speaker's self-emotions about his hectic daily schedule, which only includes a brief break before returning to work unabated, are included in the statement. 2) "Jadi, gak habis-habis dan I finish, finish, finish, finish, setelah konten dan lain sebagainya karena dibeberapa hari ini aku harus ngisi konten, itu ada 5 channel." There is a language mix between English and Indonesian that can be detected. In Sandiaga Uno's speech, he repeatedly utilized the English word "finish," which is referred to as insertion of word reduplication. The purpose of this phrase is to express how busy Sandiaga Uno feels every day. He needs to provide unique content for each of his five channels.
3) "Ya mungkin fling-fling satu dua." It is clear from the text that the speaker repeated the English word. The speaker reduplicated the word fling into fling-fling, hence the term "insertion of word reduplication." The line expresses the speaker's need to feel something about his earlier relationship. He declared that he would never date anyone other than his wife, even if they were simply friends or had a crush on one other once or twice.

Insertion of Idiom
Idioms are groups of words that together have different meanings than the terms used alone. It implies that each word receives a new meaning through idiom that is different from its original meaning. Below is a description of the data and its explanation.

1) "Disebut sebagai "COVID Winner" ya."
There is a language mix between English and Indonesian that can be detected. The term "COVID Winner" refers to things like the health industry, herbs, businesses, etc. that gained prominence during the Covid-19 pandemic. Insertion of idiom is a term. The speaker's urge to express how badly the COVID-19 epidemic destroyed every aspect of life-from nations' economies to peoples' hearts due to the loss of loved ones-is expressed in this statement. Despite all of those catastrophes, a phrase known as COVID-19 winner has gained popularity in the fields of medicine, healthcare technology, and herbal products. To be more specific, in Indonesia, traditional herbs known as jamu have increased in popularity.

2) "Tapi all in all, ini memberikan waktu buat…. Udah lama banget gak spend time sama
Tante Nur." Sandiaga uno used the phrase "all in all," which may be characterized as an idiomatic insertion in this context, to introduce or summarize everything that has already occurred. The statement is part of Sandiaga Uno's self-emotion about how little time he spends with his wife. However, after the epidemic reached its apex and lockdown systems were triggered, which was even worse, he had more time at home and could spend time with his family while working from home.

3) "Jadi, terus setelah itu kamis aku take a break."
It is clear that the speaker took a pause after using the word take. It is known as insertion of idiom. To take a break is to stop doing something for a little amount of time and to rest. The sentence expresses the speaker's need-based motivation towards his exercise regimen. He normally participates in triathlons, and as he mentioned above, he takes a rest on Thursday before returning to his regular exercise regimen.

Insertion of Clause
A group of words known as a clause contains both a subject and a verb. Clauses can be categorized into two groups. The independent clause comes first, followed by the dependent clause. An independent clause contains the main subject and verb sentence (it is also called a main clause). Despite not being a complete sentence, the dependent clause needs to be connected to an independent clause. Below is a description of the data and its explanation.

1) "ini pertama tamu yang dipanggil Om gak disini? I feel so old"
There is a language mix of English and Indonesian. Sandiaga uno inserted sentence I feel so old. Because the sentence has a subject, a predicate, and an independent clause, it falls under the category of clause insertion. The purpose of the line is to express the host's call of "uncle" to Sandiaga Uno's inner emotions. After the host referred to him as an uncle, he said that he felt old. 2) "I'm fine, thank you. Dan keren banget studionya NSS." It is clear from the preceding line that there is a language mix between Indonesian and English. The speaker claims that the phrase I'm alright, thank you, is an insertion of a clause because it has both a subject and a predicate and is also a standalone clause. I'm fine, thank you, is a statement that denotes the speaker's health. The presenter asks the speaker how he is doing, and the speaker responds with self-emotion about how he is feeling.

3) "Di undang kesini , so it's an honour."
It is clear from Sandiaga Uno's statement that the sentence contains a mix of Indonesian and English. Because the sentence has both a subject and a predicate as well as a dependent clause, it is referred to as an insertion of clause. It is the subject of this clause, and is the predicate. The phrase has meaning; it is an honour, a genuine pleasure, and a distinction to meet or chat with someone. Because Sandiaga Uno was so appreciative and delighted to be invited to the concert, the sentence serves as an expression of his inner feelings.
The code-mixing function employed by Sandiaga Uno. People may blend two or more languages during social interactions for a variety of various reasons. In a bilingual and multilingual culture, code mixing is one of the most significant characteristics and well-studied processes. However, the study's author finds three purposes for code mixing utilized by Sandiaga Uno, including: 1) a need-motivated need; 2) being more informative; and 3) expressing one's own emotions.
The researcher selects the data that are associated with English-Indonesian code mixing in this situation. The data below was taken from a speech by Sandiaga Uno that was posted on YouTube and is arranged in accordance with the different types of code mixing.

Forms of Code Mixing in Sandiaga Uno's Speech in YouTube
Code mixing can happen in many different ways, when speakers of multiple languages can blend those languages. It's interesting to investigate the code mixing that Sandiaga Uno utilized in his speaking video for the same reason. Sandiaga Uno employed the code-mixing techniques of word insertion, phrase insertion, hybrid insertion, word insertion, word reduplication, idiom insertion, and clause insertion. In this study, a total of 146 data were discovered in speech videos that mixed Indonesian and English.
The researcher discovered that the insertion of words results for the highest percentage (32,10%). Second, insertion of phrase rate was (29,40%). Third, the insertion of hybrid percentage (4.10%) In terms of code mixing, it had the lowest percentage. Then comes the insertion of word reduplication rate (4,70%). Next, the percentage insertion of idiom is (8,20%). The percentage insertion of clause is last (21, 20%).